Biodiversity – An Urban Necessity

By Jeremy Carew-Reid
Director General
International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM)

 

As cities across Southeast Asia grow taller, denser, and more connected, a quieter, equally vital transformation is taking place—one that puts biodiversity at the heart of urban planning.

On International Biodiversity Day this May 22, we need to look beyond the concrete and steel to focus on the diversity of life thriving—often unnoticed—within our cities. Biodiversity, the rich variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms that share our urban spaces, is not just a side benefit of green space. It is a foundation of urban health, resilience, and quality of life.

Across the Asia-Pacific, urban populations are booming. Southeast Asia bracing for an influx of alone is expected to see an additional 100 million new city residents by 2030. Yet, as our cities expand, natural habitats shrink. A 2022 study by t he ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity found that urbanization in the region has led to a 35% decline in green cover in major metropolitan areas over the past two decades. This environmental loss directly undermines the well-being of urban communities.

Urban development must strategically embrace Restoring and expanding biodiversity restoration and expansion for clear and practical gains. This approach delivers essential benefits: cleaner air and water, natural temperatures regulation, reduce flood and drought vulnerability through better water management, accessible recreation and education, increase tourism revenue, and vital population support for urban food supplies.

Smart urban forestry offers a tangible solution to rising temperatures, capable of reducing local heat by 2 to 8°C—critical in Southeast Asia, where extreme heat in cities is becoming a seasonal norm (Figure 1). Moreover, as demonstrated in Singapore and elsewhere, biodiverse green spaces are not just environmental […]

Restoring Nature for Livelihoods and Climate Resilience in the Philippines

Healthy ecosystems provide buffers against extreme weather conditions and disasters. They also bring multiple benefits to communities residing within them, such as food, water, clean air, income, and recreation. Strengthening the ecological infrastructure of a landscape by restoring forest cover and reintroducing biodiverse vegetation and cropping plays a vital role in building resilience to climate change, increasing biodiversity, and enhancing local livelihoods.

In the Philippines, The Asian Development Bank (ADB), with support from the Government of Japan through the Japan Fund for Prosperous and Resilient Asia and the Pacific, is implementing the regional technical assistance (TA) project, Investing in Climate Change Adaptation through Agroecological Landscape Restoration: A Nature-Based Solution for Climate Resilience. In partnership with CIFOR-ICRAF (World Agroforestry ) and local partner Landcare Foundation of the Philippines, ICEM is working with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources through the River Basin Control Office to implement nature-based solutions aimed to improve the hydrology of the river basin while reducing erosion and sediment transport. The restoration interventions promote biodiversity, rehabilitate drainage corridors, strengthen the communities’ resilience to climate change, and help enhance livelihoods.

Since 2020, restoration work has been undertaken with local communities and farmer-cooperators in the Manupali watershed, which is located at the headwaters of the Mindanao River Basin.

To watch the long version, click here.

To read more about the project, click here.

Monitoring and community awareness in Cambodia and the Philippines

Forest and landscape restoration play a pivotal role in building resilience to climate change in livelihoods and ecosystems.

In Cambodia and the Philippines, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), with support from the Government of Japan through the Japan Fund for Prosperous and Resilient Asia and the Pacific, is working with ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management and World Agroforestry (ICRAF), to implement the regional technical assistance project “Investing in Climate Change Adaptation through Agroecological Landscape Restoration: A Nature- Based Solution for Climate Resilience”.

Survey of tree survival in Cambodia

A drone’s eye view of the Restoration Survival Survey getting underway at the Takhes Meanchey site.

In April 2023, the project team joined the Maddox Jolie-Pitt Foundation (MJP), the Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Environment (MOE) on a mission to five restoration demonstration sites in the headwaters of the Sangker River Basin, Battambang Province in Cambodia.

The mission included an assessment of newly planted seedlings, an evaluation of water supply and soil erosion at each site, and the establishment of locally managed plant nurseries. Local community members, forestry officers, rangers, and the MJP field team, collaborated with the project team in field survey and information collection.

Harnessing cutting-edge drone technology, the team employed aerial survey and field observations to assess the growth and survival of seedlings and site conditions.  Access to adequate water supply and weeds were found to be the main constraint on planting success. Hydrological patterns were studied and mapped to determine the best locations for water storage infrastructure.  Water tanks were designed, and a watering regime defined to ensure adequate supply at each restoration site during the dry season.

The assessment of plantings and management to date […]

Drinking Water Supply Vulnerability in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta

BACKGROUND

The Mekong is one of the world’s great rivers. It is the third-largest river in Asia and the largest river in Southeast Asia. The source of the Mekong is located on the high Tibetan plateau in China. As the river flows downstream, it is joined by tributaries from Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand and Cambodia, eventually reaching its delta in Vietnam.

On average, every year about 460 billion cubic metres of water flows from the Mekong into Vietnam’s Mekong Delta Region.[1] However, despite receiving this enormous amount of water every year, the delta’s population of about 20 million people face many challenges in obtaining fresh water that is suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes. There are also concerns that the water insecurity these communities currently face could significantly worsen in the future due to climate change and other developments in the Mekong Basin.  The delta is Vietnam’s main agricultural centre, so water insecurities for communities living here could have implications for Vietnam’s food security and economy at a national level.

Due to these concerns, the World Bank, with support from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery and the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership contracted ICEM to undertake a vulnerability assessment for rural water supply systems in the Mekong Delta region under two steps, as discussed below.  The first step was to assess the vulnerability of the delta’s rural water supply systems, and the potential effects of climate change and regional development on these vulnerabilities in the future. The second step was to recommend ways to increase the resilience of water supply systems to these vulnerabilities.

STEP 1:  VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Figure 1: Known rural drinking water systems in […]

HUCE Student Design Competition: reimagine your campus!

In the context of promoting green and sustainable urban development, from 10 – 21 July 2023 ICEM and the Hanoi University of Civil Engineering – Faculty of Architecture and Planning (HUCE-FAP) organized a student design competition and workshop to reimagine the C.4 site on the HUCE campus, supported by the Asian Development Bank and the Global Environment Facility.

The competition provided a platform to develop new ideas and solutions to multifaceted urban challenges, and design creative spaces for education. A group of 30 students from architecture and engineering departments was trained on nature-based solutions, water-sensitive urban design, sustainable materials use, and gender- and social inclusive design. The group also undertook a site visit to the College of Urban Construction net-zero green building.

Facilitators and participants at the College of Urban Construction

Students were encouraged to apply climate-sensitive solutions to the C.4 site – a former set of classrooms surrounding a small public yard behind the university canteen which faces flooding and high temperatures. In their final designs, students were asked to consider material use, flood risk reduction measures, energy efficiency, health and safety, community resilience, architectural design features, and feasibility.

Through an iterative design process students prepared a vision for the site, followed by interim presentations. The groups worked together with experts from HUCE and ICEM and received guidance on integrating nature-based solutions in their proposed designs.

Winners of the overall best design – Group 3

On Friday 21 July each group presented their designs followed by comments and questions from the jury panel consisting of HUCE, Asian Development Bank, Monash University and ICEM. After […]

Enriching our understanding of conservation and sustainable tourism development needs and opportunities in Fiji

Reflections from ICEM’s second mission

Tourism is Fiji’s primary expert earner, contributing approximately 34% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2018.[1] However, well-managed marine, coastal and terrestrial resources and biodiversity are critical to the success and sustainability of this industry. And yet, essential ecosystems and natural assets are threatened by uncontrolled land development in urban, agricultural and coastal areas, deforestation, overfishing and marine resource exploitation, pollution through agricultural and industrial wastes, the spread of invasive species and worsening climate change.[2] Plus, the tourism industry contributes to the degradation of the natural assets it depends on through destructive coastal developments, pollution, and unsustainable use of water, energy and other resources. Thus, addressing the multiple threats that are reducing ecosystem resilience requires a comprehensive cross-sectoral policy and spatial planning approach which aims to restore and maintain natural systems.

The World Bank has engaged ICEM to undertake the Assessment of Needs and Opportunities to Improve Ecosystem Resilience and Sustainable Tourism in Fiji. This study has two interconnected parts:

  • Assessing the conservation needs of natural resources, their contribution to socio-economic benefits and future sustainable development in Fiji, including solutions for climate change adaptation in coastal areas; and
  • Assessing the needs and opportunities for the development of sustainable tourism, including reducing negative externalities from current tourism practices and shifting to nature-based tourism.

The assessment is being undertaken at a national and sub-national level, with an in-depth case study of the Northern Division as an area with significant ecological significance and potential for promoting sustainable tourism development.

From the 21st of November to the 4th of December, 2022, the ICEM team undertook its second mission to Suva and Vanua Levu with the objectives to:

  • Further […]
By |2023-01-18T11:24:24+07:00January 18th, 2023|Blog, Climate change news, News|0 Comments

EIA for Nearshore Wave Power Plant at An Binh Island

IT’S A WRAP! Final workshop for the Ly Son project

Last month, project partners INVEST and INGINE joined ICEM for the final dissemination session related to the innovative project focussing on the EIA for INGINE’s Ly Son Wave Power Plant. The session focussed on sharing the lessons learned, EIA-related aspects and the technical issues related to wave energy converter installations, including climate-change-related risks and scalability potential.

USAID’s INVEST mechanism made this project possible by reducing barriers for INGINE to mobilise investment for development, bringing ICEM’s valuable sector-specific expertise within blended and innovative finance.

INGINE’s Ly Son Wave Power Plant is the first wave energy converter planned for the region, and we are excited to have been a partner on this pioneering project. INGINE are continuing to push forward with the plant’s development, which will support the development of remote communities on An Binh Island.

 

“We now have a full assessment of environmental and social impacts which helps us to modify the design of our project to minimise and eliminate negative impacts to the environment and society of Ly Son. Without the support, cooperation and hard work of USAID, INVEST and ICEM, we would not be here.” Duong Minh Duc – INGINE Business Development Manager

“This project, its outputs and achievements come at an interesting time for Vietnam’s energy sector. The project has been undertaken as the country’s power development plan is being drafted by the national Government, and as environmental laws are being updated. The project deals with the global issue of clean, renewable energy. And […]

By |2022-12-09T17:14:57+07:00December 8th, 2022|Blog, Energy news, News, Vietnam news|0 Comments

We can’t achieve ecological sustainable development without rural women and gender equality

October 15th marks the International Day of Rural Women – a day that is dedicated to the millions of women living in remote, rural places and celebrates their essential contributions to rural development and agriculture. This day is a reminder that rural women have critical roles – whether paid or unpaid – in managing, conserving, exploiting and utilising natural resources.

Ecological sustainable development requires the complete and optimal engagement of rural women, and all women. Beyond a moral imperative, equal participation and engagement is critical as rural women are uniquely situated – with critical in-depth knowledge from livelihood activities tied to environmental quality and ecosystem services. Rural women’s knowledge, agency and collective action are central to improving resource productivity and efficiency prospects, ecosystem and biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, and climate change mitigation.

Yet women’s contributions to critical environmental sectors are often overlooked, ignored and undervalued in regions like the Asia-Pacific.[1] In Fiji, for example, one study explored how overlooking the contributions of rural women to the fisheries sector risks uninformed policy development and decision-making.[2]

 

The situation of women in rural areas also remains challenging – with a range of inequalities, such as discriminatory laws and entrenched social norms, impinging on human rights and restricting women’s potential as agents of change, especially in comparison to men and their urban counterparts.[3]

Although we need increased participation and engagement among rural women, caution is needed here as viewing rural women as ‘sustainability saviours’ carries its own set of issues.[4] Too often, women’s labour, much alike the natural environment that supports us, is treated as an infinite resource. [5] Their […]

World Bank Strengthening resilience of the road and drainage network in Nepal’s secondary cities

PROGRESS UPDATE SEPTEMBER 2022

ICEM in partnership with GEOCE is implementing the World Bank Strengthening resilience of the road and drainage network in Nepal’s secondary cities project. The main objectives of the project are to (i) address challenges in planning, design and quality of road infrastructure in Nepal’s urban areas, (ii) support Pokhara and Urlabari municipalities in strengthening the linkages between road design, asset management, and risk and hazard mapping, (iii) contribute towards safeguarding the quality and sustainability of infrastructure investments under the World Bank’s Nepal Urban Governance and Infrastructure Project (NUGIP).

Throughout the first 10 months of the project a participatory approach has been successfully used to (i) build the capacity of Pokhara municipal engineers in hazard mapping and (ii) to obtain the most accurate and localised information on infrastructure and potential risks based on past experience and expert judgement concerning future impacts and hazards. This data forms a foundational part of the web-based Road Asset Management System (RAMS) for Pokhara (the first of its kind in Nepal), of which the draft version is anticipated by end of October. The project has received outstanding support from the Pokhara Mayor and CAO as well as active engagement from the municipal engineers, and with the continued strong support from NUGIP over the coming years the RAMS has solid potential to transform the maintenance and planning of road and drainage infrastructure from a reactive to a proactive approach.

Activity 1: Road and drainage asset management system with full integration of risk and hazard data for Pokhara

A key component of the project is to develop a web-based Road Asset Management System (RAMS) for Pokhara, including the integration of climate and disaster […]

By |2022-09-30T16:10:25+07:00September 30th, 2022|Adaptation news, Blog, Nepal news, News|0 Comments

Innovative use of iGIS in Kaysone Phomvihane, Lao PDR

By Jeremy Sung

ICEM’s Jeremy Sung is visiting project sites in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam as part of an ICEM study into climate change threats and vulnerabilities in provincial towns. Here, he utilizes an innovative i-phone app iGIS as a cost-effective way to achieve project objectives.

KAYSONE PHOMVIHANE, LAO PDR – 19 September 2013:  Whilst undertaking the surveys and meetings as part of the  ADB project Climate Resilience in GMS  Cities, we encountered several challenges related to bad infrastructure and climatic conditions. We also  found that current maps of the local towns are very poor and out-of-date. We realized it would be useful to tag various features of the towns using a GPS device so that we could map the key features ourselves, and hence analyse the vulnerability of key infrastructure and facilities.

igis 2Our project team only has one GPS tagging device. However, this project spans more than three towns in three different countries (Cambodia and Vietnam as well as Lao PDR). With no extra budget for equipment, the question was, how were we going to manage the demands of mapping the key infrastructure and vulnerabilities in each of our project cites?

A cost-effective answer lay in Smartphones and free software. Using our consultants’ existing Smartphones we installed the free but featured-packed iGIS software. iGIS turned our phones into a fully capable GPS tagging devices, allowing us to map and plot data points and produce shapefiles that can be used by professional GIS software packages.

Whilst visiting project sites in Kaysone Phomvihane, we plotted our location on the map using iGIS and made some short notes about our observations. Back […]

By |2020-01-10T15:21:51+07:00September 23rd, 2013|Blog|0 Comments

Community climate change concerns in Kaysone Phomvihane, Lao PDR

By Jeremy Sung

ICEM’s Jeremy Sung is visiting project sites in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam as part of an ICEM study into climate change threats and vulnerabilities in provincial towns. Here, he meets the Women’s League and finds out how climate change can exacerbate gender inequalities.

KAYSONE PHOMVIHANE, LAO PDR – 18 September 2013: It’s rainy season in Kaysone Phomvihane so we woke up to grey skies and constant drizzling. An early meeting with the project managers for ADB infrastructure investments was followed by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE). DONRE manages meteorological and hydrological data for the town and the officials here were very interested in our climate change projections.

Our next stop was the local community hall, to meet members of the Kaysone Phomvihane Women’s Union. We talked briefly about how climate change can exacerbate existing gender inequalities. We conducted a snap poll, using a show of hands. Women representing four districts complained of insufficient access to water and at least a third of the room experienced more than five blackouts per month. We also heard that the women in particular face the challenges of poor quality roads to the markets – since it’s often the women here are who are responsible for purchasing household goods. The women also described a major storm event in March this year (2013) which caused widespread devastation.

All in all, it was a fascinating session. We are looking forward to documenting the experiences of local residents during extreme climate events over the course of the project.

It was back into the field for the afternoon. We examined a storm water canal that regularly overtopped and the northern flood gate, which, like the southern gate, was now out of order. We […]

By |2013-09-23T23:54:40+07:00September 23rd, 2013|Blog|0 Comments

Climate change vulnerabilities in Kaysone Phomvihane, Lao PDR

ICEM's Jeremy Sung is visiting project sites in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam as part of an ICEM study into climate change threats and vulnerabilities in provincial towns. Here, he finds out how devastating poor drainage systems can be in rural towns. KAYSONE PHOMVIHANE, LAO PDR - 17 September 2013: Today we're in In Kaysone Phomvihane (Lao PDR), conducting meetings to analyse critical infrastructure and discuss climate change threats and vulnerabilities with government officials and local groups.

By |2015-07-15T15:47:43+07:00September 23rd, 2013|Blog, News|0 Comments

Getting the facts right on large hydro

by Simon Tilleard

How environmentally and socially sustainable are big dam projects? Simon Tilleard takes on the issue of large-scale hydro in his recent letter to the New Scientist.

What does “renewable power” mean to you?
Chances are, you’ll think of solar, wind and hydropower. But when it comes to large-scale hydropower, just how ‘renewable’ is this power?

I recently read an article in the New Scientist Rise of renewables starts climate-change fightback – (6 July, page 6-7) which brought home to me once again how common it is to see ‘the next generation’ of large hydropower dams held up as examples of environmentally conscious and sustainable sources of power.

In the article, authors Marshall and Aldhous indicate that large hydropower dams can help to fight back on climate change and produce ‘green power’ whilst sustainably managing environmental resources. They go on to state that a few large dams have erroneously given the sector a bad reputation and that the World Bank’s recent decision to return to funding large dams is proof of improved procedures for management.

My experience as a water resources engineer working in South East Asia brings me a different perspective. It’s abundantly clear that it’s misleading to suggest that merely a few of the older dam projects were ill-conceived and unsustainable. In reality, the negative environmental and social impacts of large dams often outweigh their economic benefits.

The 2000 independent World Commission on Dams, the most comprehensive study on dam impacts, concluded that big, complex schemes cost far more but produce less energy than expected. Examples of environmental and social impacts from large hydropower are plentiful, devastating fish losses from the Pak Mun Dam in Thailand or mass displacement caused by the Narmada Valley […]

By |2020-01-10T15:21:51+07:00September 3rd, 2013|Blog, ICEM team|0 Comments

Drought management in Kompong Thom, Cambodia: The impact of irrigation on food security

By Paul Wyrwoll

ICEM’s Paul Wyrwoll reports from farming communities in Cambodia, where the recent rehabilitation of the Stung Chinit irrigation scheme has enabled many households to harvest a dry season rice crop and improve their food security.
However, the overall distribution of benefits and costs turns out to be much more complex than he expected.

Rice is the most important crop in Kompong Thom province, as it is across the Lower Mekong Basin. Situated north-east of the Tonle Sap, this province encompasses a large and flat floodplain. Farmers typically rely on a single rice crop, grown during the wet season in a lush landscape of endless rice fields. But in the dry season, the land is transformed into an arid dustbowl. Household food security is contingent on a store of the previous season’s harvest. Alternative income opportunities do exist, but they are limited, meaning that this livelihood cycle is highly precarious for poor households. Food security for families here can be completely undermined by a single adverse event, such as a destructive pest outbreak or the devastating 2011 flood.

The answer to this dramatic shift between rainfall abundance and deficit is well understood: irrigation of fields during the dry season with water from a reservoir, groundwater aquifer, or an alternative water source. But these solutions can be expensive, difficult to maintain, and/or entail external social and environmental costs.

Irrigation: ebbs and flows
Cambodia has a long history of irrigation construction. The long-lived prosperity of the Khmer Empire (AD 802- AD 1431) was founded on an extensive system of canals and reservoirs supplying an abundant agriculture sector. During the late 1970s the Khmer Rouge conscripted almost the entire population to build a vast irrigation infrastructure. The regime envisaged a […]

By |2020-01-10T15:21:52+07:00May 30th, 2013|Blog|1 Comment

River bank protection in the Mekong Delta

by Simon Tilleard

ICEM’s Simon Tilleard travels to the Mekong Delta with his father, visiting a unique project his father managed 13 years ago to prevent river erosion from destroying communities. This environmentally sensitive approach is proving effective and could provide a model for river bank protection today.

“It’s working!” my father exclaimed on a recent trip to the Mekong delta where 13 years ago he designed bank protection works for the My Thuan Bridge.

The bridge links the rice basket of the Mekong Delta to Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam’s largest city. At the time the bridge was Australia’s largest foreign aid investment ever.

The bank protection design was radical. The design aimed to stop erosion more than 500m upstream of the bridge. Rather than the standard concreting of the top segment of the bank where the erosion was obvious, the design instead incorporated a series of pile grovnes to slow the river flow velocity, encourage sedimentation and reduce the cause of the erosion from at the base of the bank and the bed of the channel. This was designed to treat the cause of the erosion – not the symptom.

Fifteen years ago my father sat drinking tea in the tropical heat with a man whose house was next in line for the river’s inevitable erosion. From a maximum rate of over 20m a year retreat during the 1960 and 70s the erosion had slowed to a still formidable six metres a year.

The man smiled and slyly joked “I have waited 20 years for a riverfront house, when the river destroys my house then I will just have to go to the back of the queue again”. But the old man is still grinning, drinking his tea and enjoying his river view.

Climate change is unlikely to affect the unique design […]

By |2020-01-10T15:21:52+07:00May 17th, 2013|Blog|0 Comments

Maintaining Community Livestock Systems in the Face of Climate Change

by Tom Weaver

The consumption of livestock derived products is rapidly increasing in the Lower Mekong River Basin. This is largely attributed to increasing standards of living and household incomes. Improvements in production, processing and postharvest practices present new opportunities for livestock owners, but also greater competition. But what might happen to livestock in the not-so-distant future as a result of climate change? How might smallholders remain competitive in terms of production costs, increasing their access to output markets and building system resilience to climate change? Finding answers to these types of questions and others to inform producers who are faced with critical economic

Understanding the climate impacts on livestock at the Basin level is a complex task. Balancing depth and breadth of focus is challenging given the geographic scope and diversity of livestock systems in the region. As part of the Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study, I am currently conducting research on the climate impact on common livestock within the basin and their role in building community resilience. This work contributes to a broader understanding of key rural livelihood systems in the region.

Livestock are a crucial aspect of diverse livelihood portfolios for the great majority of rural households in the Basin; over 80 percent of rural families employ mixed crop-livestock systems for food production and income. The integration of livestock with cropping systems, fisheries and natural systems is of primary importance to current household incomes and resilience. Therefore, the Mekong ARCC study is taking a broader farming systems approach as climate impacts on the integration of, and relationships between, livelihood mechanisms is fundamental to household’s future adaptive capacity and resilience.

For example, livestock are commonly used as a source of traction for land preparation and in […]

By |2020-01-10T15:21:52+07:00April 12th, 2013|Blog|0 Comments
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